Sigmund Freud s Innovative Treatment Of Human Actions Essay

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and influential thinker of the early twentieth century. Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856, but when he was four years old his family moved to Vienna where he was to live and work until the last years of his life. In 1938 the Nazis annexed Austria, and Freud, who was Jewish, was allowed to leave for England. For these reasons, it was above all with the city of Vienna that Freud’s name was intended to be profoundly associated for posterity, founding what was to become known as the ‘first Viennese school’ of psychoanalysis from which flowed psychoanalysis as a movement and all subsequent developments in this field. Freud’s innovative treatment of human actions, dreams, and of cultural artifacts as consistently possessing hidden symbolic importance has proven to be extraordinarily successful, and has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields including psychology, anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation. However, Freud’s most important and frequently reiterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a successful science of the mind, and remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy. The aim of the method psychoanalysis, may be stated simply in general terms, is to re-establish a harmonious relationship between the three elements (Id, Ego, and Super Ego), which constitute the mind by excavating and resolvingShow MoreRelatedComparing The Work Of Sigmund Freud And A Neo Analytical Theorist1290 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Theories: Analysis of Freud and Karen Horney Yorkville University Alanna Sampson â€Æ' Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of the work of Sigmund Freud and a neo-analytical theorist. This paper will compare the work of Freud and Karen Horney and begins with an introduction to the study of personality and an identification of the key elements in Freud and Horney’s theories. The paper then moves into an analysis of where Horney and Freud would find agreement and disagreementRead MoreAnalyzing the Components of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality1232 Words   |  5 Pagesexamine the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler. The most notable of the three is Freud. It was Freuds pioneering use of the term the I (das Ich in his native German, which was then translated into the Latin ego) that brought ego into common parlance and popular interest to the process of self-consciousness (Bridle, 2000) Freud coined the phase â€Å"Psychoanalysis ‘.Psychoanalysis—Freuds innovative treatment method in which the patient is encouragedRead MoreEthological Theory of Human Instinct3709 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Human Instinct: From C.S. Lewis, Freud and Evolutionists Point Of Views Introduction In this dissertation was shall examine the ethological theory of instinct, and see whether it applies at the human level. From its early history, ethnology has focused on the concept of human instinct, and Lorenz is credited with reviving the term following its demise due to withering criticism in the 1920s and 1930s. Prior to Lorenz, the term instinct had been used in contradictory, inconsistent and experimentallyRead MoreBenefits Of The Wage Separation2811 Words   |  12 Pagesladies. Salary uniqueness between sexes originates from courses of action that focus the nature of occupations and income connected with employments. Profit connected with occupations will result in wage imbalance to take structure in the situation of people into specific employments through individual capabilities or clichà © standards. Position of men or ladies into specific occupation classes can be backed through the human capital speculations of capabilities of people or capacities connectedRead MoreThe Perks Of Being A Wallflower1905 Words   |  8 Pagesand the connection among people. He has faith and beliefs in people, and he is spiritual. Charlie is a white man. He was born into a middle-class family with strong economic support. In the 90’s, economy grows steadily. people are more aware of mental health and being more open-minded about it. Getting treatment is less stigmatized. Charlie’s non-judgmental attitude has helped him gaining the true friendship and love. Society’s open-minded gives Charlie a chance to get professional help about his mentalRead MorePlay Therapy4696 Words   |  19 PagesGROUP 4 â€Å" PLAY THERAPY † Acebuche, Zandra Angelica L. Bacongallo, Aries M. Briones, Bernard L. De Grano, Jenna Lois A. Galac, Meliza S. Gonzales, Michelle O. Kalaw, Mary Joy L. Lozano, Jenno S. Tabunan, Lousanie M. Romero, Czarina R. General: Play therapy is generally employed with children aged 3 through 11 and provides a way for them to express their experiences and feelings through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process. As children’s experiences andRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Notes4748 Words   |  19 Pagesstudy of groups. Group behaviour describes the actions of individuals in groups, which often differ from the actions of individuals operating on their own. Social psychology – the study of how an individual operates in a group. The study of how individuals are influenced in their personal consumption behaviour by those whose opinions they respect, such as peers, reference groups, family and opinion leaders. Cultural anthropology – the study of human beings in society. It traces the development ofRead MoreAbnormal Psy Essay10046 Words   |  41 Pageslearning experiences. C) excessive black bile. D) hypochondria. Ans: A Difficulty: 2 Page: 6 23. Two known treatments of deviant behaviour, at the time humanity believed that deviant behaviour was caused by being possessed by evil spirits, were: A) Hanging and juices B) Bloodletting and hanging C) Exorcism and trepanning D) Moral treatment and juices Ans: C Difficulty: 2 Page: 6 24. Expelling evil spirits by chanting and torture is known as A) somaticRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesrelatively new development in the theory and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD). The possibility that a greater emphasis on cognitive factors might enhance a behavioral account of OCD can be traced back to Carr (1974), McFall and Wollersheim (1979), Rachman and Hodgson (1980), and Salkovskis (1985). Behavior therapy in the form of exposure and response prevention (ERP), which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, proved to be a highly effective treatment for many forms of OCD. Behavioral researchRead MoreOccupational Stress: Causes and Management11211 Words   |  45 PagesTopic choice and justification The traditional approach to workplace stress was to place blame on the victim for being negligent. However, over the years, organizations have come to understand that occupational stress is a function of different actions and everyone has a role to play in it. Therefore, the structure of the workplace and work-life balance is an important aspect in the reduction of occupational stress (Schwer et al., 2010). Technology has been introduced in many workplaces and this

Raising Minimum Wage - 912 Words

Minimum wage has long been a topic that has brought on many heated debates. It has been said over and over again that minimum wage should be raised. These people say that raising minimum wage only does good for people. However, I, along with many other people, believe this is wrong, and we should instead be making moves to keep minimum wage where it is. Raising minimum wage may provide some positive effects, but those positives only go on to be overwhelmed by the negative effects caused by it. Wages should not be raised because if done so, employment would drop and companies would need to spend and earn more money. If minimum wages were to be raised, employment numbers would drastically drop. This is seen in source one, an article by James†¦show more content†¦This is important as the company faced a financial loss due to this action. They would have to take huge action to earn that money back or just sit back and suffer the effects of that loss. This is also seen in source four, a political cartoon by Ralph Hagen. In this cartoon, a worker is giving a customer his coffee. As he does this, he tells him, â€Å"That’ll be $12.50.† As said earlier, companies who spend more money would need to earn more money. One easy way for companies to earn more money is by raising the price of their products. Eventually, it could get to a very ridiculous point, just like how it was in this cartoon. Usually, coffee is two to four dollars, but in this cartoon, it was said to be over twelve dollars. This reason that this price was so high was probably because that coffee shop had to desper ately earn money due to the fact that they raised their minimum wage. Eventually, the rise of minimum wage in our world could lead to ridiculous prices like this. As a result, companies should not raise their minimum wage as they will suffer many financial problems. The other side argues that raising minimum wage would benefit workers. They say that these workers would be able to earn the money that they would need to help support themselves and their families. This may be true, but minimum wage jobs do something that mostly every other job cannot. They offers workers opportunities, and these opportunities only goShow MoreRelatedRaising The Minimum Wage?1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $15 an hour is a heavily debated topic. Both sources against or in favor of the minimum wage refer to a â€Å"growing gap† between low-income workers and high-income earners. Sources against the minimum wage believe raising it will increase this gap, whereas those in favor of the minimum wage believe it will decrease this gap. The arguments in favor of the minimum wage rely mostly on ethical beliefs, such as â€Å"pay should reflect hard work,† to advanceRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage888 Words   |  4 Pages Raising the Minimum Wage The employment effect of the minimum wage is one of the most studied topics in all economics. Today, the debate over raising the minimum wage has been a hot topic after President Obama explained in his 2014 State of the Union address that he intends to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour, an increase of over 40 percent. While the President and his supporters claim that this increase would greatly benefit the economy and result in growing the businessesRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?1122 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Raise the wage!† reads many protestors’ signs across America. Many people believe this to be the answer to the financial inequality that plagues our country. The federal minimum wage was established to keep workers from settling on a poor living standard (Leonard A.11). Since this was passed, multiple debates and issues have risen. One begins to ask the question, is this truly the best way to resolve the unequal distribution of wealth? Aft er research, it has been found that there are many drawbacksRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?870 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of raising the minimum wage has many different viewpoints. It is thought to be affected negatively and positively. Some believe it increases unemployment and poverty. Others believe it creates jobs, helps the economy and low-income families by giving them more money to give back to the economy. Doug Hall, director of the Economic Analysis and Research Network and David Cooper, Economic Analyst at the Economic Policy Institute, expressed how the increase in minimum wage affects certainRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage1979 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Raising the minimum wage can result in job losses due to lower profits for businesses. It can also potentially decrease employee hours by changing them from full time to part time. Additionally, it may reduce the full time benefits that they receive. If this were to happen, then the employees affected will actually be earning less than they did before the increase. For example, from the Article Maximum Divide on Minimum Wage (Mejeur, 2014), they state, â€Å"Labor costs are the largest shareRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?2447 Words   |  10 PagesThe minimum wage is defined as the lowest compensation, by law, which an employer may pay his or her employees. In the United States, this monetary value is set by a collection of laws on the federal, state, and local levels. While state and local governments may choose to observe a higher minimum wage than the national minimum wage, the federal government ultimately controls the income of the nation’s lowest-earning employees. At the federal level, the minimum wage was last raised in 2009, fromRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage? Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe minimum wage is one of the most discussed issues around the country. Everyone has a different opinion if raising the minimum wage would help families across the country to have a better lifestyle or if would cause an unbalance in the economy. Democrats and Republicans have a different view on this issue, while Democrats supports raising the minimum wage by $15 an hour, Republicans have stated that they refuse increasing the wage because it would leave different factions of Americans outside ofRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our countryRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage889 Words   |  4 Pages In my report, I will go into detail and show how raising the federal minimum wage would positively effect the economy. In doing so, I will be discussing how an increase in the federal minimum wage would make a vast improvement on the way many low income families live, and also how raising the federal minimum wage would boost the economy as it desperately needs. In raising the federal minimum wage, one might argue that it would cause a spike in the unemployment rate. The reasoning is that it wouldRead MoreThe Benefits Of Raising The Minimum Wage1656 Words   |  7 Pagesto be should the minimum wage be raised or should it be lowered or eliminated altogether. From where I stand minimum wage should be raised. Everyone is more successful when people are paid a living wage. Changes to the minimum wage would strengthen the economy and business, Lift Americans out of poverty, and will be unlikely to significantly impact prices. The only way to grow the economy in a way that benefits 90% is to change the structure of the economy. Paying people a fair wage is a sign of respect

Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma Free Essays

1. Aims of the Dissertation: The aim of this research is to investigate how postponement as a manufacturing and procurement strategy in supply chain management can add strategic value to a firm’s operations This will be investigated through the following research questions How can a postponement strategy provide practical strategic value to companies How can the relationships in the supply chain be managed to best support a postponement strategy How can the low rate of postponement adoption amongst companies be addressed in the future What theoretical and empirical developments are needed to boost the value of postponement 2. Methodology: Proposed Methodology A research can achieve its objectives by gathering and analysing qualitative and/or quantitative data. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qualitative data adheres to an interpretivist research philosophy wherein reality can be understood through subjective interpretation of its context (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). On the other hand, quantitative data is in line with the positivist research philosophy which views reality from a strictly objective perspective (Levin, 1988). Some of the most popular approaches which can be used to gather either qualitative or quantitative data are: surveys, action research, case studies and experimentation (Saunders et al, 2007, p. 126). Of these, surveys tend to be used mostly for descriptive and exploratory research that covers a broad and relatively undefined topic. In contrast, action research is based on researchers actively collaborating and working with practitioners in a highly specific field in order to investigate a narrow and well defined issue or problem. This tends to be for the purpose of finding practical solutions to a specific issue and thus is a highly involved research methodology. Case studies are a middle ground between action research and surveys, aimed at carrying out in depth research but without the direct involvement of practitioners, helping the researcher to avoid becoming too involved with the organisation, and developing a narrow view. Finally, experimentation focuses on the creation and inv estigation of specific scenarios, with the aim being to determine how these scenarios unfold, with certain external factors controlled to allow other factors to be investigated in significant detail (Saunders et al, 2007, p. 128). In the case of this research, postponement is a relatively well defined area, but one that has still not been fully investigated and formulated in the literature as discussed above. As such, when investigating postponement it is important to use a methodology that is focused enough to be strongly rooted in the existing research, whilst not being so narrow that it fails to consider the potential for gaps in the theory. This implies that the best methodology to use is a case study of organisations that have implemented postponement strategies. This methodology will help understand how these postponement strategies have provided practical strategic value to the companies that have implemented them. It will also provide insight into the impact on postponement on the supply chain and the relationships in the supply chain, as well as the steps that could be used to address the low rate of postponement adoption amongst companies in general. In case studies, both quantitative and qualitative method can be used to gather data. This study will mainly use a qualitative method. The qualitative approach is considered most suitable when a researcher wants to explore a problem through different variables which are not possible to be measured statistically (Ghauri and Grohaug, 2002). The case studies should also look to obtain significant amounts of qualitative data and feedback from managers in the companies to determine what they think the main issues with postponement are at the present time, and thus how these issues could be resolved by future theoretical and empirical developments in this area. 3. Feasibility: The researcher has access to all the secondary data required for the literature review of this study which is necessary for its theoretical underpinnings. The sources of secondary data include books, journals and academic papers available in libraries or in digital formats as e-books or over the internet. Moreover, significant information for this research will be acquired through the authentic internet sources including websites of various consultancy firms and institutions. As for the primary research pertaining to the case study, the researcher has sought to acquire access to the managers of several companies which apparently practice postponement strategy to some extent. 4. How Your Work Fits Existing Published Work: Literature Review and Initial Research According to Wan (2006, p. 8) â€Å"a postponement strategy aims at delaying some supply chain activities until customer demand is revealed in order to maintain both low system wide cost and fast response†. This implies that a postponement strategy is a process by which the supply chain can be better brought into line with customer demand levels, thus enforcing some form of consumer pull on the chain. There are various types of postponement strategies, which include postponing the purchasing of certain perishable materials; postponing the completion of products to allow customers to customise them; postponing the completion of products until they are closer to customers to reduce lead times; and postponing the distribution of products to ensure distribution strategies can be coordinated central (Wan, 2006, p. 12). However, the emergence of e-commerce has led to a revolution in the range of postponement strategies which can be used, with virtual inventories effectively being in dependent of the physical location of stock and components. This allows retailers to fulfil customer orders by postponing their inventory at the factory level until a customer order is placed, at which point a range of modular components can be assembled in a variety of locations allowing for a more advanced approach to postponement (Bailey and Rabinovich 2005). This high level of flexibility and responsiveness can provide a wide range of benefits to the companies. Some of the most obvious benefits or advantages are a reduction in inventory costs; a reduction in transportation costs due to direct distribution; a reduction in obsolescence levels and an increase in customer responsiveness (Wan, 2006, p. 22). However, perhaps an even more important potential benefit is the fact that postponement can be carried out at the point of product differentiation, thus creating a powerful strategy to improve supply chain management (Davilia and Wouters, 2007, p. 2245). Specifically, by implementing such a strategy, a company can manage to create a generic product range that is low cost and needs relatively minimal levels of customisation; whilst also offering highly customisable premium products which can be customised to specifications and offered at a higher rate. This ability to pursue two strategies at once allows companies to target multiple market segments, thus potentially achieving higher levels of customer responsiveness and better customer targeting (Davilia and Wouters, 2007, p. 2245). The use of a postponement strategy can enhance these benefits, as well as facilitating and supporting the development of other strategies such as mass customisation and modularisation. This is because all of these strategies and fundamentally linked to the product architecture. A postponement strategy necessitates the creation of modular designs, thus making it easier for companies to produce a wide range of products whilst still using mass production techniques. As such, when these three are combined into a single supply chain strategy, they offer companies an unparalleled level of flexibility and responsiveness, with the cost benefits of postponement helping to counter the additional cost of using modularisation and mass customisation (Mikkola and Skjott-Larsen, 2004, p. 352). However, in order to successfully apply these strategies, a high level of supply chain coordination is needed. This implies that high levels of buyer supplier cooperation are also required if a company is to use postponement to meet the challenges of a demanding marketplace (Yang et al, 2007, p. 984). This can place strain on the relationships in the supply chain, as buyers and suppliers may be unable to agree on the best way to achieve postponement and customisation, and on how to share the costs and benefits. However, once the conditions for a postponement strategy have been created, the strategy itself fundamentally revolutionises a company’s supply chain. It allows for numerous customisation strategies to be pursued in parallel and turned delivery and production lead times into a variable which can actively be managed as part of the supply chain efficiency maximisation (Brun and Zorzini, 2009, p. 205). This is because the postponement strategy works by striking a balance between the degrees of customisation achieved, the price of the product, and the delivery time to customers. Standard customisation strategies tend to create too high a level of customisation, thus increasing costs and lead times. In contrast, mass production strategies do not allow for customisation, thus reducing the level of differentiation. By using a postponement strategy, companies can strike a balance and provide their customers with their own specific balance of customisation, cost and lead time, thus boo sting overall supply chain effectiveness and customer satisfaction levels (Su and Chuang, 2011, p. 24). However, recent surveys of supply chain professionals and businesses have clearly indicated that, in spite of the potential benefits of postponement, it is still an underutilised concept amongst major businesses. Specifically, a survey by Yang et al. (2005, p. 991) of businesses in the food, clothing, automotive and electronics industries showed that most companies expected postponement to be less used as a strategy in the future. According to Boone et al (2007, p. 594) this slow rate of adoption is due to an inability to extend postponement research beyond its manufacturing context, or to provide empirical proof of the strategic benefits. As such, this is a key issue that this work will aim to address. 5. Why You Are Doing This Topic: Postponement is a relatively common concept in logistics, marketing, and manufacturing concept, with forms of informal postponement being used by companies since the 1920s (Yang and Burns, 2003, p. 2075). The application of postponement as an operations and supply chain strategy is however in its formative stage as many companies are only starting to witness the full prospects of adopting this practice. The Council of Logistics Management defines postponement as â€Å"the delay of final activities (i.e. assembly, production, packaging, tagging, etc.) until the latest possible time. A strategy used to eliminate excess inventory in the form of finished goods, which may be packaged in a variety of configurations.† (Kong and Allan, 2007) This definition implies that postponement delays one specific step that occurs early in the production or procurement process of a product till the end. As evident from its definition, the aim of adopting this practice is to minimize or eradicate inventory by finalizing a product right before it is set off for delivery. Many management practitioners and business executives who are closely familiar with postponement phenomenon view this concept only as an operational strategy. They regard postponement as a process of improving the production and assembly of a product. Although the practice of postponement may be certainly effective in improving production operations, postponement should be expanded and explored as a supply chain strategy. However, in modern times a more strategic approach to business and operations management has seen postponement used as a strategy for managing supply chains and maximising their efficiency. In this context, postponement can offer to companies a new way to conceptualise their product design, process design and supply chain management in order to obtain new forms of competitive advantage. However, the relatively limited use of postponement in this area indicates that more research needs to be undertaken into the factors that will drive the use of postponement as a man ufacturing strategy in supply chain management. This proposal will examine the literature in the area and propose a methodology to obtain a better understanding of the use of postponement strategy, and the contributions it can make to modern supply chain management in the competitive markets. 6. Timing Mileposts MilestoneDescriptionDue dateRemarks 1Stage 1: Area of interest identified 2Stage 2: Specific topic selected 3Stage 3: Topic refined to develop dissertation proposal 4Stage 4: Proposal written and submitted 5Stage 5: Collection of data and information 6Stage 6: Analysis and interpretation of collected data/information 7Stage 7: Writing up 8Stage 8: Final draft prepared – submission of dissertation 9Final Deadline – nine months from classroom date. References: Bailey, J.P. and Rabinovich, E., Internet book retailing and supply chain management: an analytical study of inventory location speculation and postponement. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review; 2005, Vol. 41, p159-177. Boone, C. A. Craighead, C. W. and Hanna, J. B. 2007. Postponement: an evolving supply chain concept. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management; 2007, Vol. 37 Issue 8, p594-611 Brun, A. and Zorzini, M. 2009. Evaluation of product customization strategies through modularization and postponement. International Journal of Production Economics; Jul2009, Vol. 120 Issue 1, p205-220 Davila, T. and Wouters, M. 2007. An empirical test of inventory, service and cost benefits from a postponement strategy. International Journal of Production Research; 5/15/2007, Vol. 45 Issue 10, p2245-2267 Fisher, C. (2004), Researching and Writing a Dissertation – For Business Students, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hussey, J. and R. Hussey (1997) Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students. London, Macmillan. Kong and Allan (2007) More on Postponement Adapting Postponement to the Supply Chain. Available from http://kongandallan.com/en/us_pdf/MOP0707U.pdf (cited on 15th April, 2013) Levin, D. M. (1988). The opening of vision: Nihilism and the postmodern situation. London: Routledge. Mikkola, J. H. and Skjott-Larsen, T. 2004. Supply-chain integration: implications for mass customization, modularization and postponement strategies. Production Planning Control; Jun2004, Vol. 15 Issue 4, p352-361 Saunders, M. Thornhill, A. and Lewis, P. 2007. Research Methods for Business Students. Harlow: Financial Times / Prentice Hall. Su, C. J. and Chuang, H. C. 2011. Toward Mass Customized Product Deployment in E-Commerce: The Modularization Function and Postponement Strategy. Journal of Organizational Computing Electronic Commerce; Jan-Mar2011, Vol. 21 Issue 1, p24-49 Wan, J. 2006. Postponement Strategy in Supply Chain Management. University of Cambridge. http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/mtms/events/documents/Johnny_Wan.pdf Accessed 15th April 2011. Yang, B. and Burns, N. 2003. Implications of postponement for the supply chain. International Journal of Production Research; 6/15/2003, Vol. 41 Issue 9, p2075-2090 Yang, B. Burns, N. D. and Backhouse, C. J. 2005. An empirical investigation into the barriers to postponement. International Journal of Production Research; 2005, Vol. 43, p991–1005. Yang, B. Yang, Y. and Wijngaard, J. 2007. Postponement: an inter-organizational perspective. International Journal of Production Research; 2/15/2007, Vol. 45 Issue 4, p971-988 Yin, R.K. (1994), Case Study Research – Design and Method, 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA. How to cite Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma, Essays

Impact of Media free essay sample

Educational videos can certainly serve as powerful prosocial teaching devices. Television is an effective way of advertising products to children of various ages. * 5. Impact of Media On Children Watching violent television programs and movies increase violent behaviour in children. Excessive television watching contributes to the increased incidence of childhood obesity. Excessive television watching may have a deleterious effect on learning and academic performance. Watching certain programs may encourage irresponsible sexual behaviour. 6. Television Tips Family viewing give children a choice of what to watch. Restrict violent videos and DVD movies. Encourage and model ways to play that do not involve violence. Watch with the children and talk about the programs. Refuse to let children see shows known to be violent. * 7. Tips for Electronic Games Pay attention to ratings. Read the literature that accompanies video game products. Discuss game content with children. Observe children playing and periodically play along. Assure adult supervision for arcade game playing. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Select games that promote problem solving, skill building, and cooperation, rather than violence. * 8. Internet Safety Ask your Internet provider or computer store about programs that block access to adult–oriented sites, â€Å"chat rooms,† and bulletin boards. Keep the computer in a high traffic part of the house. Find websites you think your children will enjoy and â€Å"bookmark† them. Teach your children about â€Å"netiquette† – appropriate on-line behavior. Everything on the Internet is not true.

To Build A Fire Man free essay sample

To Construct A Fire: Man # 8217 ; s Intelligence Is Foolish Essay, Research Paper To Construct a Fire: Man # 8217 ; s Intelligence is Foolish How many times have you seen birds winging South for the winter? They do non read someplace or utilize some computing machine to cognize that they must wing to last. In Jack London # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; To Construct a Fire # 8221 ; , we see how that mans intelligence is sometimes foolish. The adult male, who is walking in 75 grades below nothing conditions, lets his erudite behaviour override his inherent aptitude. Therefore, he dies. London # 8217 ; s subject is that no affair how intelligent society becomes, we as a species should neer fling our basic inherent aptitudes. In the beginning of the narrative we see that the adult male realizes it is cold, but merely sees this as a fact and non a danger. The adult male tongue on the land to prove how cold it was. We will write a custom essay sample on To Build A Fire Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His trial taught him that it was colder than he had first idea, but he neer thought of that as a danger merely as a world. # 8220 ; That there should be anything more to it than that was a idea that neer entered his caput # 8221 ; ( 119 ) . To many times modern adult male plods along unmindful to the world that lies one minute or misstep off ( Votleler 272 ) . The adult male sees that he is experiencing the effects of the cold more and more as lt ;< br /> he goes along, but more than of all time he pushes on. Several times he remarks that the cold is doing his custodies and pess numbed, and cryopathy is killing his cheeks. He thinks # 8220 ; What were frosted cheek? A spot painful, that was all. . . # 8221 ; ( 120 ) . Again he chose to disregard an inherent aptitude that would hold saved him. The Canis familiaris, on the other manus, although guided by his erudite behaviour still retains his inherent aptitudes. The Canis familiaris follows the adult male throughout his ailment faded journey, but after the adult male perishes he relies upon his inherent aptitudes to last. This is witnessed in the last paragraph by the statement # 8220 ; Then it turned and trotted up the trail in the way of the cantonment it knew, where there were other nutrient suppliers and fire suppliers # 8221 ; ( 129 ) . The subject of London # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; To Construct a Fire # 8221 ; is how we should all take attentiveness to modern cognition and learned behaviour has its benefits, but our primal inherent aptitudes should neer hold ignored. The adult male in the narrative had tonss of cognition but neglected to pay attending to his # 8220 ; sixth sense. # 8221 ; The Canis familiaris on the other manus, followed every bit long as he could but so allow his inherent aptitudes carry him to safety. We can neer hold plenty cognition to replace the endurance accomplishment that nature has provided us.

Time Expressions in Spanish

Time Expressions in Spanish Here are some miscellaneous words and expressions of time, with an example of each used in a sentence: al cabo de (after) - Al cabo de una semana, si el paciente no ha respondido al tratamiento, la dosis puede ajustarse. After a week, if the patient hasnt responded to the treatment, the dose can be adjusted.  ¿A cuntos estamos?  ¿A cuntos estamos hoy? (What day is it?) cada dà ­a (each day, every day) - Cada dà ­a te quiero ms. I love you more each day. el fin de semana (weekend) - Disfrute de un fin de semana romntico en nuestro hotel. Enjoy a romantic weekend in our hotel. de hoy en ocho dà ­as (a week from today) - De hoy en ocho dà ­as nos parecer que fue todo un mal sueà ±o. A week from now it will seem to us like it was all a bad dream. pasado/a (last) - La semana pasada fuimos a la ciudad. Last week we went to the city. prà ³ximo/a (next) - La vacunacià ³n masiva comenzar la semana prà ³xima.The mass vaccination will begin next week. (Prà ³xima can also be placed before the time designation.)  ¿Quà © fecha es hoy? (What day is it today?) que viene (next) - El DVD estar disponible la semana que viene. The DVD will be available next week. quince dà ­as (two weeks, fortnight) - Cada quince dà ­as se extingue una de las 6.700 lenguas del mundo. Every two weeks one of the worlds 6,700 languages goes extinct. un rato (a while) - Y despuà ©s saltaba a la piscina y nadaba un rato. And afterward I would jump in the pool and swim for a while. todos los dà ­as (every day) - Jugar todos los dà ­as con los hijos es fundamental para su desarollo. Playing every day with your children is essential for their development.

Articles Relating to the Lack of an Internal Audit Department in a Article

Articles Relating to the Lack of an Internal Audit Department in a Company in the UAE - Article Example It also means that the individuals involved do not assess their individual work or even that of those that they are answerable to. There should be a disclosure of any possible or real conflicts of interest that appear to hamper a straightforward and impartial assessment. The internal audit resources have also seen expansion for the purposes of satisfying the increasing demand for the services to facilitate financial report and internal control’s executive certifications. In the future years, it might be expected of the internal auditors to broaden their role to responsibilities such as the improvement of risk management, reduction of organizational costs and complexity, and participation in the development of governance and strategic processes. For instance, the rules of Proxy Disclosure Enhancements of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to reveal their governance measures, which include the structure of their board, the board’s supervision of risk man agement as well as its relationship with the executive practices and policies of compensation. The new proxy rules will actually exert pressure or compel the boards to show their role in the supervision of risk management, and further, this presents both opportunities and challenges for the CAEs (chief audit executives) and their teams of internal auditors. All companies that have the department of internal audit have had it very smooth in running their affairs. Their audit departments have helped in keeping track of where the money goes, and ensures that the money is put into good use, and not for the benefit of individuals. The departments have also helped the organizations in knowing if it is making or losing money. Internal audits helps companies in reviewing the processes’ efficiency together with the related international standards, shows commitment by the top management, offers scope of improvement, offers information for the management review meetings as well as helpi ng in the improvement of client confidence and satisfaction. The Importance of the Internal Audit Function in a Company by Jeffrey Thomas This article basically talks about the significance of the department of internal audit in an organization. According to the article, internal auditors carryout a range of activities which include helping their organizations in the prevention of fraud by evaluating and reviewing the effectiveness and adequacy of the system of their internal control, correspond with the level of a possible exposure within the company. The internal auditors should take the following into consideration when meeting their obligations: Examine the control environment’s aspects, carry out practical fraud investigations and audits, report fraud audits results and offer support for efforts of remediation. They might also own the hotline of whistleblower in some cases. They should also examine fraud risk assessment by the management, especially, their process for th e identification, assessment and testing of possible scenarios and schemes of misconduct and fraud, which include those involving contractors, suppliers and even some other parties. Moreover, they should examine the operating and design effectiveness of the controls that are fraud related; ensure that audit programs and plans tackle residual risk and include fraud

Monopoly Market and Monopolistic Competitive Market Essay

Monopoly Market and Monopolistic Competitive Market - Essay Example Each potato chip market type has its own benefits and peculiarities. Monopoly A monopoly, including the Wonks monopoly, occurs if there are no competitors. There is only one seller of a certain product type or brand in the community. Likewise, monopoly occurs when there is only one product that serves a specific need or want. Monopoly crops up when new entrants are prohibited or cannot topple the obstacles to entering a market occupied by only one seller. For example, the school allows only the school’s own bookstore to sell the students’ required textbooks. The community’s only electric power company is a monopoly. States normally admit only one tap water entity to supply the community’s water needs (King, 2011, p. 355). Under a monopoly, there are significant hindrances to entrants to the monopoly market, especially with the potato chip industry monopoly. For example, legal barriers prevent competitors from entering the monopoly market. For example, the government only allows one company the license to operate within the community, city, or state. Some states offer a monopoly license to one company to serve the water, sewer, natural gas, and electric power needs of the constituents. In other states, the government operates monopoly liquor stores and lotteries. Likewise, the United States Postal Services has a monopoly license to deliver first class mail. ... The government can ensure more accurate collection of taxes. The government has to monitor only one company supplying the water, electricity, gas, mail, and other needs of the community. The government’s tax collection efforts will be easier. The businesses have to transact with only one company in a specific market segments. The business entity has to only contact one water supply company, one mail delivery agency, or one electricity provider, for their water, mail, and electricity needs. The consumers can easily locate the only entity responsible for the supply of water, electricity, and mail services. The stakeholders will have lesser time and difficulty finding and transacting with the monopoly company serving the needs and wants of the community. Pricing under the monopoly differs from the monopolized competitive market. The monopoly company can raise its selling prices without losing its current customer base. The customers have no other alternative but to pay the higher prices. The government can step in and set limits to the monopoly company’s price increases. The government can interfere when the monopoly company’s price increases borders on abuse of the customers. Government interference is required when the price increase does not equate to the improvement of the company’s current unfavorable service (Dudey, 1996). In terms of production, the monopoly enjoys exclusive rights to sell its products and services to the current and prospective customers. Microsoft is the exclusive seller of Microsoft computer software products (Gisser, 2001, p. 211). Microsoft is the sole seller of Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows NT software. The company’s monopoly of the Microsoft office software forces all computer users to buy

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Socrates - Essay Example All through the book Socrates proves his respect for the law as well as his deep desire to continue studying philosophy. This paper will discuss why Socrates submitted to the law despite being innocent and it will seek to prove that Socrates love for his religion was far above his willingness to cooperate with the laws of Athens, and that he also respected the laws very much. During Socrates trial in the Apology, he stated to the Jury that he believed in what his gods commanded him to doing, and he would remain in his philosophical missions regardless of any situations. The Jury offered him the chance for freedom is he would quit his philosophical missions but Socrates said that even if it meant choosing between staying in prison and being free because of his religion, he would choose remaining in prison and continuing with his philosophy. Socrates had been imprisoned because he had spent a lot of time in investigation and practicing philosophy. In one occasion one member of the July said, "If you said to me in this regard: Socrates, we do not believe Anytus now; we acquit you, but only on the condition that you spend no more time on this investigation and do not practice philosophy, and if you are caught doing so you will die, if , as I say , you were to acquit me on those terms, I would say to you : " (Plato 29c-d) Through this statement, the Jury made it clear that they were completely against Socrates ideas and religion ad they were only going to set him free on condition that he quitted his philosophical mission. In response to this statement, Socrates stated that, Through this response, Socrates made it clear to the July that he was not ready to buy their decision and that he respected his religion more than the law. The fear of suffering in prison could not pullback Socrates philosophical mission. He chooses to go against the law and be denied independence on the expense of continuing to study

Certificate of making good defects,c.d.m, latent defects

Certificate of making good defects,c.d.m, latent defects * Under 2005 The Certificate Of Practical J.C.T. Completion has far reaching effects upon the rights and obligations of all concerned within the contract these include the commencement of the defects liability period which usually lasts for 6 months. Possession of the site returns to the employer. The risk and damage to works, and third party liability transfers back to the employer. Retention is payable in part (50%). Arbitration may be sought if required. No further variation to works may be issued unless monies for works to be carried out are re-calculated and agreed. The limitation period begins. Application for the Certificate of completion may be made and within 14 days of receipt of application the relevant body must issue the said certificate of completion. * The Certificate of Making Good Defects is a certificate that is in relation to the completion of defects, imperfections, shrinkage and any other fault raised during the defect liability period. It is issued when in the opinion of the Architect and others the contractor has rectified and made good all defects and any other faults within time frame of the defect liability period of time allowed by the Architect/ Engineer and confirmed in writing. The date will be stated when the contractor completed said works. * The relevance of The Health and Safety file is such that it provides as much and relevant information as possible regarding all works carried out in the completion of the contract. It is inclusive of all method statements and risk assessments pertaining to the works. It shows any problems that may apply to the future of the development / structure etc .It minimises Any risk to operatives involved in any future works that may be carried out, Such as maintenance, renovation, demolition or repair. The file must be handed to the employer at the end of the contract. * LATENT DEFECTS The possible routes open for a client once a latent defect has been discovered is to invoke certain insurances already in place ,and certain conditions under J.c.t terms of contract * Collateral warranty. There are also some alternative routes * Latent defect insurance * N.H.B.C Insurance(Various) * NHBCs warranty and insurance cover, available for up to 12 years, covering over 80% of all UKs new build social housing developments. It is specifically designed to protect Housing Associations (HAs) and other Registered Social Landlords (RSLs) build projects including new build, conversions and renovations, multiple occupancy projects, foyer schemes, student accommodation and mixed-use sites. This comprehensive warranty provides extensive cover for contractor defect liability and insolvency for up to 2 years after completion. Building failures cover for latent defects significantly reducing the need for collateral warranties * Collateral Warranty J.C.T 2005 9.4 The client may wish the contractor to provide a collateral warranty under J.C.T 2005 9.4 Collateral warranties are contracts requiring the relevant parties to conclude a separate agreement. The promise by the Contractor is similar to the contract details at practical completion(Defect Liability). If the contractor does not comply with the employers notice he may be liable for a claim of damages for breach of main contract. However if a defect does not show until a much later date ,It requires the client to pursue for damages in the way of contractual entitlement. If there is no insurance against the failure to provide collateral damages the employer can consider amendments to the standard form of contract. Latent Defects insurance * Latent defect insurance is a long-term insurance cover .It includes new buildings against damage or the imminent threat of damage caused by defective design, workmanship and materials in the structure of the building. The structure of the building normally means the foundation, walls, floors, roof, other load-bearing elements, the waterproof envelope and if the building has a basement, its waterproofing element. * Cover is also available for loss of rent or revenuelost as a result of damage caused by a latent defect. Some insurers nowoffer Latent Defects insurance for projects retaining existing buildings and for existing buildings including some coverfor non-structural components

James Watt :: essays research papers

James Watt was born February 19, 1736 and died on August 19, 1889. As a child he was often sick. This kept James out of school. His mother had to teach him how to read and write. James suffered from severe headaches, so many people thought he was retarded. Little did they know that this child that most people didn’t consider normal would lead America to one of the most important stages The Industrial Revolution. It all started when he traveled to England to become a mechanic. Then he decided to come back to Scotland. This is where he met Joseph Black. Black though him some thing that he found interesting about steam. This got Watt started in thinking about how to make Newcomms steam engine better. So in 1764 he got his first real challenge. He got one of Newcomms machines that could not be repaired. He repaired that machine without any problem. Watt had one problem, he had no idea why someone would be satisfied with a machine like this. James decided to make a practical steam engine, this resulted in cheaper transportation. This was possible because in 1869 Watt came up with the condenser (a chamber for condensing the steam) witch he got patented. During all this commotion Watt decided to get married to his cousin Margaret Miller, who died nine years after there marriage. Although they still had six children together. Watt then decide to marry his second wife Ann MacGreagor, which they went on to have two children. James was able to keep wealthy by teaming up with huge manufactures. They wanted James’s engine to do thing like pump water out of coal mines and putting them in locomotives to transport goods. The final part of the steam engine was a invented in 1790. It was a gauge that make the steam much safer. It read the amount of steam pressure produced in side the tank.

Hidden Guilt Abolishes Selfhood Essay

Those who keep their sins and feelings to themselves cause themselves only anguish and despair. In The Scarlet Letter, a romance by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is a young man who achieved fame in England as a theologian and then immigrated to America. In a moment of weakness, he and Hester Prynne, a young, beautiful, married woman whose husband is away in Europe, become lovers. Although he will not confess it publicly, Dimmesdale is the father of her child; also, he deals with the guilt by tormenting himself physically and psychologically, developing a heart condition in the process. Dimmesdale is an intelligent and emotional man, and his sermons are thus masterpieces of eloquence and persuasiveness. His commitments to his congregation are in constant conflict with his feelings of sinfulness and need to confess. He lives behind a false self for many years while unknowingly living beside Hester’s husband, finally his true self appears and he is redeemed of his sins as he admits them publicly. Selfhood can be achieved when a hypocritical persona is rejected and the true self consistently emerges. Dimmesdale is shown as the protagonist of the romance through Hawthorne’s use of characterization, conflict, by showing the transformation of Dimmesdale, and by showing that Roger Chillingworth and Dimmesdale’s own guilt oppose him. Hawthorne uses characterization throughout The Scarlet Letter to show Dimmesdale as the protagonist. The Scarlet Letter is a story of characters that have to live and deal with the effects of sin in different ways; of these characters, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is the character portrayed as the most inadequate. Despite this portrayal Dimmesdale was a stronger character than given credit for, his unbelievable amount of control in his way of handling his burdens displays his great sense of strength and intellect; although, he is very intelligent, his faults mask his dignity, Dimmesdale is aware that he is covering up his true self but hides these feelings to keep his reputation of being a pious, dutiful minister. His shortcomings and distress throughout the narrative conceal his pride, â€Å"Dimmesdale clearly suffers from an excess of self. His weakness and suffering throughout most of the romance, as I suggested earlier, have  tended to blur for some readers the fact of his p ride, which, like his scarlet letter, lies beneath and gives special form to his mask of saintliness† (Martin 124). He is first characterized as a nervous and sensitive individual, despite his outer appearance, inside Dimmesdale is a very stable, strong person. Hawthorne states that he showed nervous sensibility and a great willpower, â€Å"His eloquence and religious fervor had already given the earnest of high eminence in his profession†¦expressing both nervous sensibility and a vast power of self-restraint† (Hawthorne 51). While this seems to give Dimmesdale great strength, it is also his largest flaw; moreover, his body refuses to do what his heart says is right. Dimmesdale instructs Hester to reveal the truth, but when she refuses he does not have the determination to confess himself. Therefore, his sin becomes even larger than hers, because while hers is an exposed sin. He continues to lie to himself and his followers by keeping his secret hidden, so his is a concealed sin, while Hester wears her sin openly on her bosom. Here Hawthorne shows us just how strong Dimmesdale actually is, by allowing him to hide his sin and bear the weight of it, he creates an extremely interesting and tremendously strong character; further, the scaffold is the place that Dimmesdale shows the amount of pain and self-loathing he is truly capable of concealing. Dimmesdale denies the fact that he is associated with Hester, and also that he is the father of Pearl multiple times, particularly during those crucial scaffold scenes. During those long seven years he made no move to lessen her load or his own. Seven years prior, Hester stood in this place and took the punishment for both of them while he quietly stood aside and led people to believe that he also condemned her. During the first scaffold scene Dimmesdale interrogates Hester, his purpose was to find out who the father of her daughter was, Dimmesdale pretended as if he had never spoken to Hester before, as did Hester. Dimmesdale acknowledges their relationship later on in the narrative, but at this time he must seem as if he does not know her because if the magistrates of Boston knew of their relationship, Dimmesdale would be treated with the same rejection as Hester. During the second scaffold scene Dimmesdale has had all that he can bear and lets out a yell that draws the attention o f fellow villagers, â€Å"Without any effort of  his will, or power to restrain himself, he shrieked aloud† (108). He curses himself for his silence and cowardice. Also in the second scaffold scene Dimmesdale denies Hester and Pearl again when Pearl asks him to stand with herself and Hester during the day in public, â€Å"Wilt thou stand here with mother and me to-morrow noontide?† Dimmesdale responded, â€Å"Nay, not so, my little Pearl!† (111). Finally the last time Dimmesdale stood on the scaffold he accepted Hester and admitted that he was indeed the father of Pearl, â€Å"The law we [himself and Hester] broke!- the sin here so awfully revealed!† (181). During the third scaffold scene the true sign of strength is revealed, to admit he is wrong takes strength, but the way that he held in his sin thus committing two, one of the original sin, and two of the concealment, then confessing after years of frustrating cowardice takes a stronger man. Dimmesdale is also characterized as a very hypocritical being. He has the town believe that he is a pious, dedicated minister, when in actuality he has sinned greatly, â€Å"But Dim mesdale’s burden keeps him on a level with the lowest. His congregation worships him; their adoration intensifies his guilty anguish; and his suffering heightens his fervor† (Male 334). He is not brave enough to publicly admit his sins until the end of the narrative; moreover, he lives years hiding his secret of adultery. The only people who know his secret before he publicly condemns himself are Hester, Pearl, and Chillingworth. He suffers from this secret every day and night, he punishes himself physically and tortures himself mentally, as well as being tortured mentally and physically by Chillingworth, â€Å"Dimmesdale suffers worlds of penance; but, since he is not willing to sacrifice the public image of himself, it is penance without penitence. He knows that the morality of this colony calls for sin and iniquity to be exposed in the broad light of noonday, that confession is here a public matter† (Martin 124). It takes Dimmesdale three trips to the scaffold for him to be able to reveal to the public that he is the father of Pearl and that he had hidden his sin for many years. His demise was from the drain of his will, which was worn and lacking. Dimmesdale was not courageous in his actions in the story but strong; he was able to carry the burdens, frustration, and pain throughout his life. Whether he was good, brave, or right in what he did is to remain unseen but the fact that he was strong is certain. Rev. Dimmesdale is proven to be the protagonist of the narrative also by conflict, he proves to be a sinner against man, against God and most importantly against himself because he has committed adultery with Hester. His sinning against himself, for which he ultimately paid the price of death, proved to be more harmful and more destructive than this sin of the flesh, and his sin against God. Dimmesdale’s internal conflict causes him more anguish and discontent than any external conflict throughout the romance. His internal feelings of sin and his late night attempts to redeem himself on the scaffold are more of a mockery of ignominy than actual ignominy, â€Å"So long as they are covert, the minister’s gestures are but a mockery of penance, and his cloistral flagellations, fasts, and vigils are unavailing† (Male 334). Dimmesdale is not ignorant, he is very well educated, as Hawthorne states, â€Å"†¦Rev. Mr. Dimmesdale; a young clergyman who had come from o ne of the great English universities, bringing all the learning of the age into our wild forestland. His eloquence and religious fervor had already given the earnest of high eminence in his profession.† (Hawthorne 72). This man’s morals had, until the adultery, been high. He is very spiritual because on top of being of the Puritan faith, he is a minister of the word of God. Throughout most of the novel, Rev. Dimmesdale is forced to hide his guilt of being Hester’s partner in sin, when in reality, he is not being forced by anyone, but himself, for he is the one who chooses not to reveal his secret to the town. Dimmesdale has a concealed sin that is eating at him. He just doesn’t have the courage to admit his wrongs. He seems to be a coward during these seven years of living with guilt. There is a scene in chapter three where Dimmesdale states, â€Å"Hester Prynne†¦If thou feelest it to be for thy soul’s peace, and that thy earthly punishment will thereby be made more effectual to salvation, I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow -sinner and fellow- sufferer! Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness for him; for, believe me, Hester, though he we re to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a guilty heart through life? What can thy silence do for him, except it tempt him-yea compel him as it were-to add hypocrisy to sin?† (73). In this scene it is almost as if we see Dimmesdale speaking as a hypocrite. Dimmesdale portrays himself very ironically; he is a very well respected reverend and  yet, has, for the last seven years, worked on preaching the word of God, especially while he urges the congregation to confess openly to repent unto God. While, in reality, Dimmesdale is the one who needs a clean conscious. He feels like he needs to confess not only to the town but also too himself. Halfway through the novel Dimmesdale has yet to reveal the truth, which, so far, has been devouring him, physically and mentally. Since this good reverend is so spiritual, he cannot reveal his truths to the town so simply. He is of the Puritan faith and being a follower of that, the sin of adultery is a very grand sin; additionally, the whole town would look down on him as if he were a hypocrite, which in fact, he is, but his sin of adultery in that town would have been scoffed at just as Hester’s has. The reverend is v ery well liked by the townsfolk, â€Å"They fancied him the mouthpiece of Heaven’s messages of wisdom, rebuke, and love. In their eyes, the very ground on which he trod was sanctified.† (139). He has been living without revealing his true self for seven years, and it was hard for him, mentally and physically. Mentally, his whole body shuts down because he cannot take it anymore, even though he does not give in to confess yet. He has become emaciated because he has let the sin against himself churn inside and on the outside he has spent many nights whipping himself. Perhaps this is a sign for him to feel he has punished himself, as God would have punished him, if he were on Earth. One day while Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth are talking about medicinal plants that Chillingworth found on an old grave that had no tombstone or marking whatsoever, Chillingworth says to Dimmesdale, â€Å"†¦They grew out of his heart, and typify, it may be, some hideous secret that was buried with him, and which he had done better to confess during his lifetime.† (129). It’s as if Chillingworth can tell that Rev. Dimmesdale is hiding something, something that could be the c ause of his health depleting. Chillingworth then states that, â€Å"Then why not reveal them here?† (129). Chillingworth knows, he simply knows that there is something else, something that Dimmesdale has not yet come forth to tell him. Dimmesdale, in chapter twelve, is finally realizing that it could be a better thing to disclose his secret to the town. He has become so weak that he has even thought about his own death; moreover, he has walked to the scaffold and climbed up as if he wants to proclaim something, and yet, it is nighttime and the whole town is resting. Some are at the deathbed of the ailing governor who has just died.  They do not notice him. As Hester and Pearl walk by, Dimmesdale tells them, â€Å"Come up hither, Hester, thou and little Pearl†¦Ye have both been here before, but I was not with you. Come up hither once again, and we will stand all three together!† (148) Dimmesdale has obviously been thinking that he wants to reveal himself, he is struggling with internal conflict yet again, but his choice of the hour tells the reader that he cannot confess in t he day, not yet. Pearl herself knows or at least feels that this is right, that the three of them together is a match, because she says, â€Å"Wilt thou stand here with Mother and me, tomorrow noontide?† (148). But Dimmesdale refuses, â€Å"Not so, my child. I shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee one other day, but not tomorrow† (148-149). Dimmesdale is coming close to speaking, but he does not. He reveals his truths to the town after he has preached his finest sermon and after the town is holding him so very high on a pedestal. Dimmesdale says to the town, â€Å"†¦ye, that have loved me!-ye that have deemed me holy!-behold me here, the one sinner of the world! At last!-at last!-I stand upon the spot where, seven years since, I should have stood; here, with this woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (237). Now that Dimmesdale has confessed his secret, he can die. He has admitted to being the father of Hester Prynne’s child, Pearl, and his poor corpse, which is so deathly, can rest in peace now. His mind is well aware that it can live on knowing that the truth is out but his body is so battered that it cannot go on living. Dimmesdale has sinned against God, and more importantly against himself. Yes, he has not lived a true life because for seven years he has lived in denial of his sin. It did prove to be more harmful in the end, since he died on the scaffold while standing next to his fellow-sinner Hester. He knew that he needed to reveal himself but in his Puritan ways, it was hard to confess. The irony he portrays and the hypocrisy that he lives is such a grand sin in itself, he lived looking his sin in the face every single day, because he was a minister and not only would have to answer to the townsfolk after he had admitted but he had to face God everyday; his character has perhaps the central struggle in this novel, for he has the struggle within, and the struggle portrayed outwardly to the town, and Hester; in addition, he is definitely a very dramatic character in this novel, for Hawthorne stated, â€Å"Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred.† (242). When Hawthorne made  this quote in reference to Rev. Dimmesdale, he meant many things, he said that he should â€Å"be true† and â€Å"†¦show freely to the world,† because Dimmesdale should have showed his true feelings about Hester, and his feelings that he kept hidden for seven years about the adultery then, h e would have much more relief. When Hawthorne says â€Å"†¦if not your worst†¦whereby the worst may be inferred,† he is saying that if you cannot at least get out the worst trait that you have been indicted of, you should try to get a point across that would aid in the finding of that worst trait. By this quote, it appears that Hawthorne thought that if Dimmesdale had only confessed earlier, he had the opportunities, he could have admitted his sins each time he was at the scaffold, then he would have saved himself from all the torment he had put himself through; additionally, it appears that Hawthorne meant that the town, itself, would still have scoffed but wouldn’t have remembered the sin of adultery as much now, as back then when Hester got accused as well. Dimmesdale is shown at the protagonist of The Scarlet Letter by being opposed by his own conscience and by Roger Chillingworth. Chillingworth opposes Dimmesdale in the sense that, he knows that Dimmesdale has repressed sin; and, he desires to find out what that sin is, â€Å"This man, pure as they deem him,- all spiritual as he seems,- hath inherited a strong animal nature from his father or his mother. Let us dig a little farther in the direction of this vein!† (94). Dimmesdale thought that he had a friendly relationship with Chillingworth, â€Å"He therefore still kept up a familiar intercourse with him, daily receiving the old physician in his study; or visiting the laboratory, and, for recreation’s sake, watching the process by which weeds were converted into drugs of potency† (95), but in actuality Chillingworth was torturing Dimmesdale without Dimmesdale knowing it. Chillingworth constantly tortured Dimmesdale physically and mentally. Chillingworth is always giving the minister drugs that he makes with weeds. Many times the physician acquires these weeds from the town cemetery, these weeds are also characterized as, â€Å"unsightly,† â€Å"ugly† or, â€Å"dark and tangled,† this suggests that the medicine that Dimmesdale is taking is venomous. Chillingworth is generally characterized as an evil person, and many of the actions he takes suggest that he represents the devil; moreover, he even notices this  similarity in himself, â€Å"I have already told thee what I am! A fiend!† (158). Chillingworth is given the name â€Å"The Black Man† by Pearl, this clearly shows that he is representative of the devil. Dimmesdale is also shown as the protagonist through his opposition to his own conscience, he opposes himself in many ways. Dimmesdale’s true self which he reveals at the end of the narrative is the protagonist when compared to his true self throughout the rest of the narrative. His true self during the majority of the narrative is a man who has sinner and refuses to publicly admit it. During this time he privately hurts himself and damages his mind and his body. Although, that the end of the romance, he repents and is able to die. He was not able to die until he disclosed his secret because without divulging his sin he would not be close enough to God, and he believed that he would not be in Heaven after his death. Dimmesdale ultimately was transformed from a man too timid to share his sin publicly, to one who proclaims to the entire town that he is the father of the illegitimate child whose mother has been accepting his sin for years. He was too coy to publicly come form as Pearl’s father that he went to the scaffold in the dead of night to â€Å"repent,† although this action was more a mockery of penance than actual ignominy, â€Å"No eye could see him†¦Why then had he come hither? Was it but the mockery of penitence? A mockery indeed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (107). Dimmesdale was changed from the apprehensive, seemingly pious and innocent minister to the man that proclaimed his sin openly, â€Å"The new man is really Arthur Dimmesdale. Having achieved individuation in the forest, he now returns to join the procession only to rise above it† (Male 341). Hawthorne shows Dimmesdale’s complete transformation through characterization and conflict, Dimmesdale could only die a fter he redeemed himself through ignominy. Thus, Arthur Dimmesdale is established as the protagonist of The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne shows this through characterization, internal and external conflict, transformation, and Dimmesdale’s opposition of Roger Chillingworth and his own conscience. Those who keep their sins and feelings to themselves cause themselves only anguish and despair, Arthur Dimmesdale did this  throughout the majority of The Scarlet Letter, he internalized his feelings and sins and was not able to express them until the final scaffold scene when he threw himself at the mercy of God as he died with a clear conscience. Sense of self can be attained when a deceitful facade is rejected and the true self steadily materializes.

Biography of Pancho Villa, Mexican Revolutionary

Biography of Pancho Villa, Mexican Revolutionary Francisco Pancho Villa (born  Josà © Doroteo Arango Armbula; June 5, 1878–July 20, 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary leader who advocated for the poor and land reform. He helped lead the Mexican Revolution, which ended the reign of Porfirio Dà ­az and led to the creation of a new government in Mexico. Today, Villa is remembered as a folk hero and a champion of the lower classes. Fast Facts: Pancho Villa Known For: Villa was a leader of the Mexican Revolution, which overturned the government of Mexico.Also Known As: Josà © Doroteo Arango Armbula, Francisco VillaBorn: June 5, 1878 in San Juan del Rà ­o, Durango, MexicoParents: Agustà ­n Arango and Micaela ArmbulaDied: July 20, 1923  in Parral, Chihuahua, MexicoSpouse(s): Unknown (according to legend, he was married more than 70 times) Early Life Pancho Villa was born Josà © Doroteo Arango Armbula on June 5, 1878. He was the son of a sharecropper at the hacienda in San Juan del Rio, Durango. While growing up, Pancho Villa witnessed and experienced the harshness of peasant life. In Mexico during the late 19th century, the rich were becoming richer by taking advantage of the lower classes, often treating them like slaves. When Villa was 15, his father died, so Villa began to work as a sharecropper to help support his mother and four siblings. One day in 1894, Villa came home from the fields to find that the owner of the hacienda intended to have sex with Villas 12-year old sister. Villa, only 16 years old, grabbed a pistol, shot the owner of the hacienda, and then took off for the mountains. Exile From 1894 to 1910, Villa spent most of his time in the mountains running from the law. At first, he did what he could to survive by himself. By 1896, however, he had joined up with some other bandits and become their leader. Villa and his group of bandits would steal cattle, rob shipments of money, and commit other crimes against the wealthy. Because he stole from the rich and often shared his spoils with the poor, some saw Villa as a modern-day Robin Hood. It was during this time that Doroteo Arango began using the name Francisco Pancho Villa. (Pancho is a common nickname for Francisco.) There are many theories as to why he chose that name. Some say it was the name of a bandit leader he had met; others say it was Villas fraternal grandfathers last name. Villas notoriety as a bandit and his prowess at escaping capture caught the attention of men who were planning a revolution against the Mexican government. These men understood that Villas skills would make him an excellent guerilla fighter during the revolution. Mexican Revolution Since Porfirio Diaz, the sitting president of Mexico, had created many of the current problems for the poor and Francisco Madero promised change for the lower classes, Pancho Villa decided to join Maderos cause and agreed to be a leader in the revolutionary army. From October 1910 to May 1911, Pancho Villa was a very effective military leader. However, in May 1911, Villa resigned from command because of differences he had with another commander, Pascual Orozco, Jr. Orozco Rebellion On May 29, 1911, Villa married Maria Luz Corral and tried to settle into a quiet domestic life. Unfortunately, though Madero had become president, political unrest again appeared in Mexico. Orozco, angered by being left out of what he considered his rightful place in the new government, challenged Madero by starting a new rebellion in the spring of 1912. Once again, Villa gathered troops and worked with General Victoriano Huerta to support Madero in quashing the rebellion. Prison In June 1912, Huerta accused Villa of stealing a horse and ordered him to be executed. A reprieve from Madero came for Villa at the very last minute, but Villa was still remitted to prison. He remained in prison from June 1912 to when he escaped on December 27, 1912. More Fighting and Civil War By the time Villa escaped from prison, Huerta had switched from a Madero supporter to a Madero adversary. On February 22, 1913, Huerta killed Madero and claimed the presidency for himself. Villa then allied himself with Venustiano Carranza to fight against Huerta. He was extremely successful, winning battle after battle during the next several years. After Villa conquered Chihuahua and other northern areas, he spent much of his time reallocating land and stabilizing the economy. In the summer of 1914, Villa and Carranza split and became enemies. For the next several years, Mexico continued to be embroiled in a civil war between the factions of Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza. Raid on Columbus, New Mexico The United States took sides in the battle and supported Carranza. On March 9, 1916, Villa attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico. His was the first foreign attack on American soil since 1812. The United States sent several thousand soldiers across the border to hunt for Villa. Though they spent over a year searching, they never caught him. Peace On May 20, 1920, Carranza was assassinated and Adolfo De la Huerta became the interim president of Mexico. De la Huerta wanted peace in Mexico, so he negotiated with Villa for his retirement. Part of the peace agreement was that Villa would receive a hacienda in Chihuahua. Death Villa retired from revolutionary life in 1920 but had only a short retirement, for he was gunned down in his car on July 20, 1923. He was buried in Parral, Chihuahua. Legacy For his role in the Mexican Revolution, Villa became a folk hero. His life has inspired numerous films, including The Life of General Villa, Viva Villa!, and Pancho Villa Returns. Sources Katz, Friedrich.  The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford University Press, 1998.Knight, Alan.  The Mexican Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016.McLynn, Frank.  Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. Basic Books, 2008.

Vince Lombardi Essays

Vince Lombardi Essays Vince Lombardi Paper Vince Lombardi Paper Vince Lombardi is regarded as one of the most legendary and greatest coaches of all time. Not only did he create winning teams, his philosophy and motivational skills were key factors to his success as a high school, college, and professional football coach. Vince was Italian and grew up in Brooklyn. His father owned a meat shop, and he made sure that Vince was a responsible young man and had him do work for him when he was not in school. Much of Vines philosophy and discipline as a coach was learned from his father in his younger years. His father told him as a young man that There was only one right and wrong, and he believed that you only did the right thing all the time (OBrien, 1987, p. 23). Vince began playing football at the age of 15 and later got a scholarship to play at Fordham university. Although he did not have much playing time at the beginning of his career because there were players who had priority over him and the fact that he incurred several injuries in college football. He was among the linemen that became known as the Seven Blocks of Granite in his later college years. Vince believed in winning, and did not ever take losing lightly. While he was In college, he did well, but not above average In academics. He was a devout Catholic, and he did spend many hours studying to Improve his academic scores. After Fordham, Vince played on several semi-professional football teams, but his small stature did not prove him to be a successful football player in the pros. Afterward, he accepted a Job as an assistant football coach at SST. Cecilia High School in Englewood, New Jersey. This was the start of a long coaching career that would prove Vince Lombardi to be one of the greatest coaches in history. Vince was a oddball coach and teacher at SST. Cecilia High School from 1939 to 1947, Although he had never had any coaching or teaching experience. He felt this was his time to prove himself successful. Although he was only an assistant coach, he worked hard with head coach Andy Paula and together they formed a very successful football team. Vince used the same philosophy that his father taught him about when you do something, do it right the first time. He learned quickly that young athletes needed more time to let the plays and facts of the game sink in, so he had to adjust his expectations to their level. He lacked patience and often scolded players for making mistakes, but would always apologize and praise them privately. He had a burning desire to make his players successful and perfect in playing. A sportswriter once wrote that he demands perfection and gets it because his boys are willing to work for and with him (p. 59). In the classroom, Vince was very organized and demanding just as he was in practice. Although he wanted to move at a fast pace, Vince stated that he learned in the classroom that you cant travel faster than your slowest pupil (OBrien, p. 59). In 1942, Paula resigned as head coach leaving Vince to take over the team and have a shot at his first head coaching job in football. Although many had doubts as well as Vince himself, he took his first team to a winning season. His great preparation and innovative ideas of the game helped lead his team to many victories. Vince took an authoritarian approach to coaching the high school players. He told them that as long as he did the thinking and they did exactly what he told them to do then they would win. He had the mind of a winner and he made sure his players Ana ten same easels to win as nee 10 Vince Ana a willing record every year he coached the Saints of SST. Cecilia. Finally, he got a better offer to be assistant football coach and director of Physical Education at his alma mater, Fordham University. At Fordham, Vince worked under Deed Downward. Vince had hoped to learn a lot from him, but instead he ended up teaching himself most things he learned about football at the college level. Fordham lost all but one game that season and Vince was not happy with the lackadaisical approach Downward took toward coaching his players. The next year Vince became the offensive coach, and instead of working with Downward, he began to teach the players new plays to improve their game. Also, he took it upon himself to learn from many of the best coaches in football by meeting them at clinics or even talking to them on the phone. His desire for learning all aspects of the game showed that he had a strong will to coach football. Vince was very determined for his team to be successful and he knew he had to do whatever it took to find a way for them to win. Vince left Fordham in 1948 after only two years of coaching because of the corrupt businessmen trying to fire the head coach and replacing him with Vince without him knowing. In 1949, Vince got an offer to become an assistant coach at the U. S. Military Academy at West Point. At West Point, Vince worked under Colonel Earl Black. Black helped Vince to develop more of a coaching philosophy. He taught Vince that as long as you keep it simple, but repeatedly practice each play, that the team would succeed. Black was a coach that had the strong desire to win as well. While Vince was there, he worked long periods of time with no vacation. The coaches spent many hours after practice and games to analyze each and every aspect of their players as well as watch videos of other teams to understand how to defend them in a game situation. Together, they made a great pair because they worked so hard to fulfill their desires of winning. The team endured great success until in 1951, the Academy expelled 90 students, including 32 of the football players for cheating. This devastated the coaches and the team. Although they had a tough following year, they bounced back and won the east championship the next year. Although the team seemed to be on a new path to success once again, Vince took a Job as an assistant coach at the professional level for the New York Giants in 1958. Before Vines arrival at the New York Giants, the team was losing and the then coach was replaced with Jim Lee Howell. Vince was hired as the offensive coordinator of the team and along with Tom Laundry, helped the New York Giants overcome their slump and did not have a losing season throughout his entire career. Vince had to make several adjustments to perform his coaching effectively at the professional level. To sharpen his skills, he watched endless amounts of film and even became close with the team players to learn each of their strengths and weaknesses. Although Vince loved his Job with the New York Giants he till longed for the head coaching title he felt he deserved. He received that title in 1958 when he was hired as the head football coach of the Green Bay Packers in Wisconsin. Green Bay was known for its loyal fans and the recent poor performance of the team caused the management to find a new head coach. After much research and many interviews, they believed that Vince Lombardi, with his strong desire and confidence to win and his great coaching abilities, was the perfect selection. The Packers Ana to aureole their self-confidence. Most of the players were rumored to be wild and uncaring award their team and their fans. When Vince arrived for practice, he showed them that he meant business and laid down rules for them the first day. Those who did not play by his rules and did not display their full ability to practice to perfection, were not allowed to play for his team. Vince was famous for his exceptional pep talks. Also, his players knew he was the single reason for their newfound success. Linebacker Tom Betties stated that they were not expected to win in earlier games, but that with Vince We were trained to win. The the whose psychology was aimed that way. We got inference and spirit and we did win (OBrien, p. 151). During his reign at head coach at Green Bay, he led the team to six division titles, five NFG championships, and two Super Bowls. By instilling confidence in his players and showing them that they had what it took to win, he formed one of the best football teams for years to come. Vince had become a legend in town, and everyone thought he was one of the greatest coaches ever. Vince retired from Green Bay in 1967. Two years after his retirement, Vince decided to come out of retirement and became the head coach of the Washington Redskins. After leading them to a winning season in 1969, he found out that he had intestinal cancer in 1970 and passed away ten weeks later in September. Many people came for his funeral and many of his former players that had a tough appearance wept openly and mourned his death. Vince had left behind a great legacy, and had set the standards of excellence for professional football for years to come. While some of Lombardi coaching techniques and philosophy are similar to mine, there are also several differences. Vince had a loud, echoing voice and often lost his temper when he became impatient. On the other hand, have a lower voice and try to stay calm at all times. I would not want to be too overpowering to discourage players. He believed in criticizing players publicly and giving praise privately. As a coach, I would praise the players to give them more confidence in themselves. Instead of criticizing each player, I would recommend tips on how to improve and practice routines that ended in mistakes over and over. Vince had a strong will to win and used every resource possible to be able to improve his teams performance. I would do the same such as talk to other experienced coaches, watch films, and attend clinics and sports camps to become a more successful coach. Just as Lombardi, no matter what the situation may be, I will always have confidence in myself as a coach. Being confident in what he did as a coach was the reason for most of his success. I hope to one day be Just as level headed, organized, successful, and have the same burning desire to win as a volleyball coach as Vince Lombardi was as a football coach. Reference Page OBrien, Michael. (1987). Vince: A Personal Biography of Vince Lombardi. New York: Morrow.

Academic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Writing - Essay Example The writer must also try and avoid the use of alliteration in order to make the essay sound definitive. Every excellent piece of academic writing must contain a break between sentences; longer sentences are tougher to comprehend and thus parenthetical clauses should be avoided as far as possible. The writing should be as precise as possible because making use of various adjectives and adverbs within a single sentence creates the impression of redundancy. As far as possible, the writer should avoid writing with contractions and exclamation marks should not be used. The style of the writing also needs to be consistent in order to maintain a flow of the article and keep the reader hooked. A proper critique and evaluation of the subject must be followed with a summary, conclusion as well as proper references as well. A rhetorical mode is essentially a strategy that helps to present a piece of writing. Various rhetorical modes of academic writing are used in the form of a compare contrast method, cause and effect relationship, argument, classification, exemplification, description and narration. Every paragraph within such a piece of writing should contain at least one of these modes because they assist in making careful analyses of the subject that is being talked about within the paper. Research terminology on the other hand, helps a person to comprehend how one may read and interpret an academic essay in order to apply what one has learnt in an effective manner. They include aspects like an abstract, construct, correlation, statistics, validity etc. Finally, every academic article is also a piece of intellectual property; it must thus have an honest attribution attached to it. Plagiarism is a way of stealing another person’s written work and using it as one’s own. In other words, plagiarism means using accidentally or deliberately, another person’s written material without providing

Computations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Computations - Assignment Example The actual vehicle operating cost for the month was $6,330. The vehicle operating cost in the planning budget for December would be closest to: 14: Ofarrell Snow Removal’s cost formula for its vehicle operating cost is $1,840 per month plus $377 per snow-day. For the month of November, the company planned for activity of 14 snow-days, but the actual level of activity was 19 snow-days. The actual vehicle operating cost for the month was $9,280. The vehicle operating cost in the flexible budget for November would be closest to: 15: Raymond Electronics Corporation has a standard cost system in which it applies manufacturing overhead to products on the basis of standard machine-hours (MHs). The company had budgeted its fixed manufacturing overhead cost at $42,700 for the month and its level of activity at 2,000 MHs. The actual total fixed manufacturing overhead was $44,100 for the month and the actual level of activity was 1,800 MHs. What was the fixed manufacturing overhead budget variance for the month to the nearest dollar? 21: Glassett Corporation is considering a project that would require an investment of $62,000. No other cash outflows would be involved. The present value of the cash inflows would be $70,060. The profitability index of the project is closest

Quotation Analysis Song of Solomon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quotation Analysis Song of Solomon - Essay Example n, 36).reflectingon a past family he had known, Freddie tells the story of a boy who was breastfed until he was thirteen years yet he looks straight at Milkman like he is making up that story. Freddie thinks that breastfeeding a child until that age is disturbing and unusual. This can be evidenced by his words ‘that’s a bit much’. In the novel, Ruth also knows that its unusual and that is why she has a look of shame when Freddie finds her breastfeeding. Many decades ago men ran their homes with iron steel and were superior to women. On the other hand, women had no minds of their won since men defined them and dictated them. Whatever actions they took it had to be in favor of the men since men took responsibility for their wives, or any female related to them, actions. Thus men were very strict with women from their public behaviors, dressing and demeanor. Macon dead tells his sister, â€Å"Why cant you dress like a woman?... whats that sailors cap doing in your head? Don’t you have stockings? What are you trying to make me look like in this town?† (Morrison, 45). Macon sees that his sisters dressing style as act of denting his image of a rich man with properties. He is in fact ashamed of his sister and throws her out of his house. Macon takes the ‘bad dressing’ personally as he says â€Å"what are you trying to make me look like in this town?† A woman can dress how she feels like and a brother†™s image should not be tainted by his sister’s choice of dressing. Moreover, Pilate was not scantily dressed only indecent like a man with no stockings and such like feminine dressing designs. Additionally, Macon compares his sister to ‘common street women’ who are prostitutes. In secret Macon hated her sister more than her dressing in that he shuddered at what people would think when they saw his sister with a daughter and no husband, her daughter too had a daughter and no husband. He did not want her trait in his family. Pilate suffers at both his fathers

Future of Educational Finance Essay Example for Free

Future of Educational Finance Essay Gary Marx stated â€Å"identifying, monitoring and considering the implications of trends is one of the most basic processes for creating the future† (Stevenson, 2010 p. 1). The world of education is forever changing at a pace that gets more rapid as the years go on. The decisions made in the past have laid the foundation of education today, as will recent changes affect the future. Programs such as choice schooling and No Child Left Behind will impact school funding. Rulings such as the Lemon Test and separation of church and state will impact decisions that can potentially result in litigation and court rulings dictating educational decisions. In his work regarding educational trends, Kenneth Stevenson (2010) stated, â€Å"a continuing recession, escalating political polarization, rising racial/ethnic tensions, a growing national debt, and a widening divide between the haves and the have nots portend a future fraught with unprecedented challenges to and clashes over the form and substance of public education in America† (p.1). Analysis of the Lemon Test The Lemon Test was created by Chief Justice Warren Berger as a result of the court case Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) and is based on the principles stated in Everson v. Board of Education. The case of Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) centered on Rhode Island’s Salary Supplement Act. This act approved a salary supplement of up to fifteen percent for teachers who taught secular subjects in private religious schools or non-public elementary schools. The courts determined that approximately twenty-five percent of Rhode Island’s students attended non-public schools. Furthermore, ninety-five percent of the parochial schools were Roman Catholic. Pennsylvania offered a similar program that reimbursed non-public schools for expenses related to secular education and required schools to account for the expenses separately. Approximately twenty percent of Pennsylvania’s children attended non-public schools and ninety-six percent of the schools had a religious affiliation. The high courts looked at its own precedents and determined that, in order  for a law to be in compliance with the Establishment clause it, â€Å"must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion (Barnes, 2010, p. 2-3). The Lemon test was created to, â€Å"determine when a law has the effect of establishing religion† (The Basics, 2014, p. 3). The court applied the Lemon test to the Pennsylvania and Rhode Island supplemental funding programs and deemed that the programs in both states were unconstitutional (The Lemon Test, 2009). Both programs met the first requirement of the Lemon test as they had a secular purpose. However, the court determined that it was unclear if the programs met the second set of criteria as â€Å"while the aid was intended for secular use, it was not entirely secular in effect† (The Lemon Test, 2009, p. 1). The court decided that it did not need to establish if the programs met the second part of the Lemon test as they failed to meet the third criterion as both programs â€Å"excessively entangling state administrators with the operations of parochial schools† (The Lemon Test, 2009, p. 1). The Lemon test has â€Å"become an extremely influential legal doctrine, governing not only cases involving government funding of religious institutions but also cases in which the government promoted religious messages. Over the years, however, many justices have criticized the test because the court has often applied it to require a strict separation between church and state† (The Lemon Test, 2009, p. 1). The test has been the foundation for many of the court’s ruling regarding the establishment clause since 1971. The choice  The idea of vouchers for education was first introduced in early 1950 in a move to privatize education. In that same year, as a result of Brown v. Board of Education, the southern states put the first voucher program into action as a way to â€Å"enable white students of all income levels to attend the segregation academies and continue receiving a publicly-funded, all white education† (Save our Schools NJ, 2014). In 1989, Wisconsin’s more modern voucher programs, focused on poor children of all races. (Save our Schools NJ, 2014). Regardless of the nature of the voucher program, the impact is the same- taxpayer funds being diverted from public school funding. In 2002, the Supreme Court ruling of the case of Zelman V. Simmons-Harris  stated that it was not a violation of the Establishment Clause to provide scholarships for some students to attend private or parochial schools. This ruling had a subsequent impact on the development of S1872, also known as the Opportunity Scholarship Act. This act allowed for vouchers to go to private or religious schools. Changes from S1872 resulted in an almost $1 billion dollar revenue loss for school funding by the end of its fifth year (NJEA, 2011). In addition to the government revenue lost, a 100% tax credit is given to companies who donate to these funds thus losing additional revenue. The children given these scholarship vouchers are children from targeted failing school areas, which then result in that already failing district to lose additional weighted funding for those children. â€Å"Shifting a handful of students from a public school into private schools will not decrease what the public school must pay for teachers and facilities, but funding for those costs will decrease as students leave† (NCSL, 2014). A study by the American Federation of Teachers in 2011 looked at the revenue lost in several states as a result of money being diverted to voucher programs. In most cases, these programs obtained funding by either increasing taxes or by reducing state aid to local school districts. Both the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program and the Cleveland Scholarship and Tutoring Program did just that. The Milwaukee program, in 2009, cost taxpayers roughly $130 million and the Cleveland program reduced Disadvantaged Pupil Impact Aid to the Cleveland public schools by $11,901,887 in 2007 (American Federation of Teachers, 2011). One of the most significant issues with voucher programs is the fact that they do not have the same monitoring and regulations as public schools in order to obtain funding. â€Å"Perhaps the biggest critique of market-based reforms, such as school choice and performance based accountability is that they will further exacerbate inequalities in education† (Fusarelli and Young, 2011, p. 92). Not all program funding is distributed in the programs based on poverty. Parents of special education students are not guaranteed special education services. In addition, many programs are not monitored for the way they appropriate money. When a review of the Arizona tax credit programs was conducted, it was discovered that â€Å"almost two-thirds of all voucher orga nizations kept more funds for overhead than allowed under state law† (AFT, 2011, p. 7). Per student revenue that local districts lose to  these programs is not guaranteed to be 100% applied to the students attending the private school. In 2011, the U.S. Department of Education had a budget cut of $5 billion (The Education Trust, n.d.). In 2013-2014, over 35 states are providing less funding per students, more than 10% in fourteen of them. (Leachman Mai, 2014). With decreasing numbers such as these, voucher programs only continue to threaten to take limited funding away from local districts. Continued funding cuts will have an impact on the economic future of our country. As stated by Brimley et al. the more education provided, the more wealth developed; the more wealth created, the more funds available for investment; the more investment undertaken, the more wealth available for investment in physical and human capital: (Brimley et al., 2012, p. 3). The Impact of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is the largest federal funding program in the history of the United States. No Child Left Behind is a, â€Å"reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which originated in 1965 as part of the War on Poverty† (Braden and Schroeder, n.d., p. 1). While NCLB provides additional funding from the federal government it also imposes mandates that states must follow. The supplementary funding provided under the No Child Left Behind Act is not necessarily enough for states to meet the standards required by the act. The main focus of NCLB is Title I funding which the federal government allocates to states to help provide an education to economically disadvantaged students. No Child Left Behind includes eight other forms of Title funding such as school safety, teacher quality, assessments, and American Indian education (Braden and Schroeder, n.d., p. 1). Title I funds are the most important part of No Child Left Behind as the majority of the funds are earmarked for Title I purposes and Title I funding holds states accountable for student achievement as evidenced on state assessments. The move towards holding states accountable for student achievement began prior to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Most states included accountability in their education reform acts during the 1990s (Ladd, 2001). By the year 2001, the same year as NCLB, more than forty states published a school report card, more than half had some type of school achievement rating, and numerous states offered assistance or sanctions to schools with low student  performance (Meyer, Orlofsky, Skinner, Spicer, 2002). In January of 2002, No Child Left Behind was signed into law and for the first time in history the federal government was involved in, â€Å"setting broad parameters, implementation timelines, and sanctions for state accountability systems† (Dun combe, Lukemeyer, Yinger, 2006, p. 1). States began to implement NCLB in 2002 during a time of financial difficulties. This created concerns based on the cost involved in funding a program of its magnitude as well as questions regarding the extent to which the NCLB program was funded. Most estimates concerning the cost of implementing the program were far from accurate. This prompted states, such as Connecticut and Utah, to pass legislation which allowed them to either ignore the parts of NCLB that required funding from the state or sue the federal government for a lack of funding (Duncombe et al., 2006). While NCLB involves many federal education programs, the act’s requirements in regards to school improvement, accountability, and testing are a priority. No Child Left Behind required states to test students in grades three through eight yearly in math and reading. Students in grades ten through twelve must be tested once. In addition students must be tested in science once in grades three through five, six through eight, and tenth-twelfth. In addition, states, school districts and individual schools are to â€Å"publicly report test results in the aggregate and for specific student subgroups, including low-income students, students with disabilities, Eng lish language learners, and major racial and ethnic groups† (New America Foundation, 2014). Another requirement of NCLB is that all teachers must be highly qualified. Teachers must pass a licensure exam and be certified by the state they teach in. Teachers who teach a specific subject area must demonstrate their subject knowledge by passing the subject knowledge portion of the licensure exam. NCLB specifies that states develop a plan â€Å"to ensure that low-income and minority students are not taught by teachers who are not highly qualified at higher rates than are non-minority and low-income students† (New America Foundation, 2014). In addition, NCLB give parents and guardians the right to know the qualification of their child’s teacher and if their child is receiving instruction from a paraprofessional and if so the qualifications of that individual. NCLB requires that school district’s notify parents in writing if their child will receive instruction from a teacher who is not highly  qualified for longer than four weeks (New America Foundation, 20 14). No Child Left Behind stated that all school districts in the United States were to guarantee that each child enrolled in their district would score proficient in the state’s reading and math assessments by 2014. Each state was given the freedom to define what grade level proficiency meant in regards to their state standards. NCLB required that schools make â€Å"adequate yearly progress† (AYP) towards achieving their goal. Proficiency rates increased yearly up to 2014 and individual states were allowed to choose their rate of increase. In order for a state to make AYP they must meet their goal for student achievement in reading and math every year (New America Foundation, 2014). Forty-three states, Washington D.C., Puerto Rico, a group of California school districts as well as the Bureau of Indian Education applied for waivers exempting them from being required to meet their targets and other requirements of NCLB from the Department of Education. In September of 2011, President Obama and Arne Duncan, Secretary of Education, announced that the Obama administration, â€Å"would allow states to request flexibility in meeting some of the requirements under NCLB in the absence of the law’s reauthorization† (New America Foundation, 2014). For a state to qualify to receive flexibility throu gh a waiver, the state needs to show they have adopted or will implement reforms to their, â€Å"academic standards, student assessments, and accountability systems for schools and educators† (New America Foundation, 2014). According to No Child Left Behind schools that do not make AYP for two consecutive years will be identified for school improvement, and will have to create a school improvement plan (SIP), and apply a minimum of ten percent of their federal Title I funds to professional development. Schools that do not make AYP for a third year will be under corrective action, and will be required to apply interventions to improve school performance, â€Å" from a list specified in the legislation† (New America Foundation, 2014). If a school fails to make AYP for a fourth year they will be, â€Å"identified for restructuring which requires more significant interventions† (New America Foundation, 2014). If a school fails to make AYP for a fifth year, â€Å"they must implement a restructuring plan that includes reconstituting school staff and/or leadership, changing the school’s governance arrangement, converting the school to a charter, turning it over to a private management company, or some other major change†Ã‚  (New America Foundation, 2014). Specific school districts that have a high percentage of schools that fail to make average yearly progress for multiple years could be, â€Å"identified for school improvement, corrective action, and restructuring† (New America Foundation, 2014). The Future of Church-State Relations As religion continues to hold influence on the American culture the U.S. judicial system remains the authority for interpreting the constitutionality of matters of religion. The separation of church and state comes as a result of America not having an established religion for all of the residents to follow; the people were given freedom of religion. According to Thomas Jefferson, God is acknowledged as the creator of mankind and government is not a divine organization therefore it is the responsibility of the citizens to oversee the institution of government. In 1791 the government discontinued support or promotion of any religion. The decisions made so long ago continue to greatly impact organizations such as schools today. In the classroom teachers are held accountable to the state that they will remain neutral on the subject of religion while on school grounds (The Boisi Center, n.d.). Cases such as Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v Nyquist (1973) and Mueller v Allen (1983) have kept the courts busy on the subject of funding religion in the educational system (Pew Research Center, 2008). The Free Exercise Clause permits students to practice their faith privately on campus as long as it does not cause disruptions to the academic day and students are not being persuaded to follow his/her beliefs. School vouchers and tax credits that were distributed from 1983-2002 were considered constitutional under the Establishment Clause as they approved a parent’s choice to have their child attend a religious school. The courts accepted these practices because they did not show intent to persuade on the side of religion (The Boisi Center, n.d.). During this time all over the country courts were hearing cases to oppose the allowance of vouchers to religious organizations as they felt it went against the separation of church-state. In some states courts ruled that vouchers could only be used for parents that wanted to move their child to a higher performing public school so that private religious schools did not receive state education funds. Now and in the future the United States  will continue to permit religious liberty to the people, the government will not be accountable nor will it dictate ones religious practices (The Boisi Center, n.d.). With the increased cases that continue to build against religion in schools and educational funding to religious private schools it is predicted that the future of church-state relations in educational funding will give more authority to the state education departments on the placement of funds. The state will seek more control of religious private schools, as the voucher program seems to be here to stay. The state is going to want more control of curriculum if they will be providing financial support (Pardini, 1999). Tax credit programs are also popular and seem to offer a compromise of church-state relations. Tax credits provide financial support to families that choose to place their child in private schools. As time progresses state government will advocate for an increase in charter schools, this will allow for state funds in the form of vouchers and tax credits to support schools that do not have a religious focus (Pardini, 1999). This battle will continue until a decision is m ade by the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of the Blaine Amendments. These amendments were established in 1875 to disallow states to financially support private schools that teach religion. At this time there are approximately thirty states that incorporate Blaine language in their constitution, which disrupts the success of vouchers being used by parents that wish to relocate their child to a higher performing and/or religious private school (DeForrest, 2003). Future Trends in Court Decisions and Power over Educational Financing The courts have had a hand in education dating back to the creation of the United States Constitution. Although there was no specific mention in the Constitution as to who was responsible, who carried the power in terms of financing education, education was valued in the early days, and many early settlers used the Bible to teach the young to read. As time went on people challenged the use of teaching the Bible in Public Schools. People used the First Amendment of the United States Constitution to argue about the intermingling of church and state and the use of direct government support for parochial, and private schools (Brimley, Verstegen, Garfield, 2012). The courts found themselves hearing cases of people challenging the use of government funds in schools other than public schools and, in the case of Pierce v. Society of Sisters  (268 U.S. 510-1925), the courts ruled for using public funds for church-related schools. Because of this ruling financing public schools has seen some great changes, and will continue to see changes. This court ruling could potentially change the makeup and the system of education in the United States. States will implement more stringent guidelines as to what they expect from schools in regards to performance standards since they are the ones providing the funds. These guidelines are the result of schools continuing to fail to meet state requirements, running low on funds due decreased income from property taxes, or the need for states take over more schools or shut them down, To date there has not been a proven method that will solve the problems of educational financing. Politics have a large influence in financing education. This was evident during the Bush administration, when money went into funding Laura Bush’s library after other school programs were cut. For nearly forty years the constitutionality of the way schools are financed has been scrutinized. There have been one hundred thirty-nine lawsuits in forty-five states promoting finance reform after the ruling of Serrano v. Priest (Education Next, 2010). The states are required by their individual state constitutions to provide an adequate education to all students. Currently there is no solution to the challenges of financing public schools so that all individuals feel like they are being treated equally. The debates and challenges have been going on for decades and will continue for years to come. Responsibility is placed on the states to ensure that their State Constitution requirements are being met and to provide funding for local schools. Conclusion As previously stated education as it is known today continues to change at a rapid rate and will continue to change forever as the world that we all reside in is ever changing. Technology has had a major influence on education, and the world in general. â€Å"If students are not being taught to use technology, and not being taught adequate math, science, and communication skills, the United States will continue to lose its superiority to other countries† (A Nation at Risk, 1983). In order for the United States to keep up with the competitive commerce, today’s students need to be pushed a little more to achieve more and not just be satisfied with mediocrity. There was a time when funding private and/or parochial  schools was not even an issue, as it was clearly understood that government monies was allocated for public schools. As time went on, needs changed, be it individual needs such as students with disabilities, or families of low income. With these needs came reasons to challenge the norm. Attorneys were contracted, and the status quo was challenged. Nobody could have predicted the changes that would happen nor is it possible to predict the future from today. It is impossible to guess the future of financing education because no one knows what the needs will be in fifteen to twenty-five years from now. It is crucial that past rulings be thoroughly examined to assist with preparing for future financial direction, although that is not the magic solution. References A Nation At Risk: The Imperative For Educational Reform (1983). American Federation of Teachers (2011). School vouchers: The research track record. Retrieved September 29, 2014 from: http://www.aft.org/pdfs/teachers/vouchertrackrecord0211.pdfBarnes, M. (2010, September 13). The Lemon Test and the Establishment Clause: A Proposal For Modification. Retrieved September 29, 2014. Barry, C., and Wysong, C. 2010. School-Finance Reform in Red and Blue. Where theMoney Goes Depends on Who’s Running the State. Retrieved Summer 2010 / Vol. 10, N0. 3 from: educationnext.org/school-finance-reform-in-red-and-blue/ Braden, J., Schroeder, J. (n.d.). High-Stakes Testing and No Child Left Behind: Information and strategies for Educators. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.nasponline.org/communications/spawareness/highstakes.pdfBrimley, Vera R., Verstegen, Deborah A., Garfield, Rulon R. (2012). Financing education in a climate of change (11th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon DeForrest, M. (2003). An Overview and Evaluation of State Blaine Amendments: Origins, Scope, and First Amendment Concerns. Harvard Journal Of Law Public Policy, 26(2), 551.Duncombe, W., Lukemeyer, A., Yinger, J. (2006, September). The No Child Left Behind Act: Have Federal Funds Been Left Behind? Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://cpr.maxwell.syr.edu/efap/Publications/costing_out.pdfFusarelli, Bonnie and Young, Tamara (2011). Preserving the â€Å"public† in public education for the sake of democracy. Journal of Thought. 46(1) p. 85-96 Ladd, H. 2001. â€Å"School-Based Educational Accountability Systems: The Promise and Pitfalls.† National Tax Journal 54 (2): 385-400. Leachman, Michael and Mai, Chris (2014). Most states funding school less than before the recession. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. May 2014. Meyer, L., G. Orlofsky, R. Skinner, and S. Spicer. 2002. â€Å"The State of the States.† Quality Counts 2001. January 10.. National Conference of School Legislatures (2014). School Vouchers. Retrieved September 28, 2014 from: http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/school-choice-vouchers.aspxNew America Foundation. Background Analysis. (2014). Retrieved September 28, 2014, from http://febp.newamerica.net/background-analysis/no-child-left-behind-overviewPardini, P. 1999. Church/state complexities. Retrieved from www.rethinkingschools.orgSave our Schools NJ (2014) School Voucher Basics. Retrieved September 27, 2014 from: http://www.saveourschoolsnj.org/vouchers/The Basics of Separation. (2014). Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://candst.tripod.com/tnppage/tnpidx.htmThe Boisi Center. Date Unknown. Separation of church and stat e. Religion and American Public Life. Retrieved from www.bc.eduThe Lemon Test. (2009, May 14). Retrieved September 28, 2014.